Dr Ali KILIC                                                                            Paris  03-06-2008

THE CONFERENCE OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON THE MEMORY

The Academy of Sciences Institute of France and the National Academy of Medicine organized a conference[1] on June 3, 2008 in Paris on Memory under the direction of the coordinators Jean-Pierre Changeux[2], and Bernard Lechevalier.[3]

The question arises how research conducted by scientists in the exact sciences will understand the reality of memory interpreted in the social sciences. Despite these scientific knowledge on memory States will they deny the written memory of genocide?

   From the viewpoint of research in social sciences we believe that the question of memory has not been interpreted in the social sciences and natural sciences in the same way. But the organization of the Conference by the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences we have appealed to the memory of Genocide Kotchgiri and Dersime Mahabade or Halabja who is not on the same plane.

Indeed, since 1915, the history of the 1st World War, the history of the regime of CUP and Kemalism and the complicity of the imperialist Turkish state in the deportation of Armenians, Greeks and Kurds, Assyrians and Chaldeans the implementation of the genocide in Turkey, the supression of the State of Kurdish Mehabad by imperialism Persian are a recurring issue memory.

  Even today, access to the archives on the Turkish 1st World War period until the 1937-38 genocide Dersime and especially how must be addressed in our history curricula the Kemalist regime still problematic, nourish polemics, to arouse passions and feuds always ready to wake up. The media exploitation that has been around a number of cases and trials especially Sheikh Said and trial of leaders of the resistance Kotchgiri 1921 and Dersime 1937 Ghazi Mohammed in Mehabad  reminded us throughout these last years How indeed we still had some difficulties to perform in the serenity painful episode and also, in many respects.

Basically the question of memory in the social sciences te in the sciences is very important for humanity as a whole. That is why in a first step we will examine the interpretation of memory in philosophy and sociology and psychology and cognitive second time we will examine research conducted by the Academy of Sciences and to see the correlation of scientific research carried out Sciences report by the Social Sciences and the conclusions we can draw in the process of recognition of genocide by the memory.

The memory is one of the most important functions and one of the most exciting of the brain. Pascal already said: "The memory is necessary all operations of the mind". It is true that governs the bulk of our activities whether school, vocational, daily or leisure. It builds both the identity, knowledge, intelligence, movement and emotions of each of us. The question that arises is whether the memory she limits? If the sensory memories and short-term limited capabilities in information processing, long-term memory has prodigious powers of conservation. We may yet have failures and forget, without that we have alarmed us. Forgetting is not an abnormal phenomenon. Alfred Jarry wrote: "Forgetting is the prerequisite of memory."
  Indeed, the omission occurs because our brain is organized to eliminate anything that could unnecessarily encumber or where the information has not undergone proper treatment. But forget the memory of genocide in Kurdistan and Mesopotamia not only has a special technique, but also is a historic responsibility which scientists have obligations to insist. That is why the process of organization is essential in the work and success of the recall: the chances of recovering a memory, in the vast library that semantic memory, depend on the quality with which it has labelled this memory . But what can we say about the colonial policy of Turkey Arabic Persian with the construction of dams have been under water historical memory of the peoples of Mesopotamia?
In this sense it means to remember? What is memory? What does the memory of philosophy, history, sociology, biology? In other words what are the forms of memory? How the Academy of Sciences and Scientific pose this question?
First social science regarded as one of the main faculties of the human spirit memory has been the subject of the first scientific investigation. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of memory take a part in the study of exceptional cases (patients amnesia or contrary gifted with a capacity exceptional memory, known as memory eidétique and on the other hand, application of methods of experimental psychology. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, many models have been proposed to account for experimental observations. And from the second half of the century, cognitive neuroscience have provided new evidence on the biological basis of memory In humans it shares with other animals. PROCHIANTZ Alain distinguishes or divided into three forms in particular: The first form is the evolutionary memory is the memory accumulated and stored in the form of genetic programs, over the evolution of species. It corresponds to the shape or imago marking belonging to the species, and bringing together all the features of a given species. Among the genes involved in this evolutionary memory, genes play a development role essential. In their way, we can say that the history of life is imprinted in the genetic structure. Thus, by studying the structure and organization of certain families of genes development, it has been be demonstrated that vertebrates Homo sapiens or share a common ancestor with arthropods, the ancestor who probably lived there are about 600 million years. This history of the species is irreversible in the sense that if we went back to this ancestor, adding 600 million years of evolution, we probably would certainly not the species currently live.

 

The second form is the Memory individual with respect to the nervous system, is both morphological and synaptic. In the continuous movement in its history, an individual accumulated a considerable body of information and souvenirs, an experiment. This accumulation is reflected in biological terms by a change in the number of neurons, their shape, and multiple connections, or synapses they establish between them. This mechanism is made possible by the extraordinary plasticity of the brain, one aspect is marked by the existence of stem cells that renew themselves constantly. The third form of Memory is the cultural memory. East, comprising all the artifacts produced by a culture, whether human or animal.

In research I conducted in 1979 on the issue of science at Descartes "according to Descartes science is a system created by deductions based on exact knowledge and clear. It is possible through two ways of knowing: intuition and deduction. For Descartes, intuition is a clear and distinct which leaves no doubt. What is known directly by intuition can a simple truth. As cogito ergo sum.[4] Other knowledge is drawn by these truths. The function of science Descartes, is to prevent men from being wrong "philosophy Descartes became interested very early the means of access to knowledge, in the Rules for the direction of the spirit (1629), rules he will use later in his career philosophical. He mentioned the relationship of memory with intuition and deduction in the third rule: "the deduction does not need a clearly presented as intuition, but [...] it borrows in some way all his certainty of memory. "The rule seventh insists the memory function in the list:
"As I parcourrai following manner as the imagination of both being a [size] and enters another, until I can go from first to last with such speed that, almost without the help of memory, I take all at a glance. " [5]

The eighth rule mentions the advantages or disadvantages that the faculties of memory (and others) can make in the scientific method:

"And first we remarqued us that intelligence alone is capable of knowing, but it may or prevented or helped by three other faculties, that is to say, imagination, senses, and memory. We must therefore turn to see how these schools can harm us to avoid it, or we used to enjoy. "

The twelfth rule indicates the means used by intelligence:

Finally we must use all the resources of intelligence, imagination, the senses, memory, to have an intuition distinct from simple proposals to properly compare what we seek with what connoît And to find things that must be compared with each other, in a word one should overlook any of the means which man is filled and the issue of Memory at Henri Bergson I concluded that constitutes an analysis of the problem classic union of the soul and body. The subtitle is "Essay on the relationship of the body in mind." In this context, analysis of memory is a way to settle this problem of the soul and body. This book is written in response to the book Diseases of the memory of Théodule Ribot, published in 1881. The latter argues that brain science proves that the memory is housed in a part of the nervous system. The memory is located in the brain, it would be material. Bergson opposes the reduction of spirit to matter: this is a antiréductionniste. He considers that the memory is deeply spiritual. The brain itself to guide the memory to this action. The brain inserts memories in this view of the action. The brain has a practical function. The body is the center of the action. The brain damage n'abîment not recall or memory. The lesions disrupt the practical function of the brain. Memories can not be embodied. They still exist but they are powerless. Indeed, the brain no longer fulfils its function, we can not use these memories.

In addition, there are two forms of memory: - 'memory habit: she plays the past, she said. It is not recognized as past. It uses the achievements of the past for this action. It is automatic. It is registered in the body, it is useful. Bergson takes the example of the lesson learned by heart when I learn a lesson in verse, I recite without thinking mechanically. This lesson has a certain period when I recite. This time is regular. We can bring this memory of know-how or as its name indicates usual. "It usually illuminated by the memory rather than the same memory." Matter and memory. The memory pure memory or memory: It saves the past as a "souvenir picture". It represents the past. The past is recognized as past. It is a contemplative and theoretical, it is free. It is deeply spiritual. This is the real memory. Bergson takes the example of the memory of learning the lesson learnt by heart. It is dated that I can not recreate it. The pure memory or memory recall can see that the lesson was learned in the past and it is not "innate".

          In its philosophy, Bergson accuses the metaphysics of evil pose problems. Furthermore, it is guilty of getting the subsidiary or secondary problems before the main problems. Bergson does not create the problems that arose. But it creates how he landed. Thus, each of its four major books responds to a specific problem. The problem of Descartes in its definition of the soul and body: these are two substances which have different attributes. It is wrong to define them as substances or "resources". It does not differentiate enough. Bergson really distinguishes the soul and body. Unlike the classical philosophy of Descartes, this distinction is not based on the spatiality but on temporality. The soul is the place where the past and the body is the place of the present. The soul or spirit is still anchored (e) in the past. It is not in the présent.Elle contemplate this being housed in the past. Be aware of something, is seen in the past, so in the light of the past. When we merely react to a stimulus outside, it is not aware of what we do. It is a place of the body, ie in the present. Any awareness involves a downtime between stimulus and response. In this in-between, on becoming aware (knowing that the spirit is rooted in the past). It takes a conscious being in the past and in the light of the past, for an appropriate response in the near future. The articulation of time: past, present and future is through the union of soul and body. More mind is engaged in the past, the more one becomes aware. The more one is in the automation, the more one is in the present, over time the body. You're never in one or the other. But there may be more in one or more in another. A real attention needs to act with all his body and his soul. According to Bergson, the "impulsive person suspend its conscience and is in an automatic. It does not thinks. Thus, the problem of causation as free or determined is driven. It will be handled in creative evolution.

Unlike in philosophy in several sciences research laboratories have dedicated their work to the memory not as philosophers, but in the laboratory experiments on animals, from the findings and results they have carried out simulations they have begun to copy pasted on men and women. Among many teams Serge Laroche working on cellular and molecular mechanisms of plasticity and memory. The central theme of the team concerning the neural mechanisms of learning and memory. It is known that the storage of memories in the brain based on lasting changes in efficiency and synaptic reorganization of neural networks. Our goal is to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, to determine their role in learning and memory and identify in which networks and (...)

In the same Research Laboratory Pascal Gisquet Verrire and Nicole El Massioui work on "memory process: from normal to pathological" The clinical data and human lésionnelles studies in animals have demonstrated involvement in learning and memory , Neural circuits anatomically and functionally interconnected. We are working specifically on a system limbo-cortico-striatal involved in disorders memorization emerging from lésionnels syndromes or diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's or Alzheimer's disease and in exacerbations of (...)

  At the Conference of the Academy of Sciences in the first Serge Laroche[6] gave a presentation on cellular and molecular mechanisms of plasticity of memory and Stanislas Dehaene has talked about the inclusion of language spoken and written in the developing brain.
According to Serge Laroche "It is generally accepted that information in memory is encoded in the form of temporal and spatial configurations of activity in neural networks and distributed storage of these representations is based on changes acquired synaptic strength within Neural networks activated by learning. Numerous studies show that mechanisms of learning and memory at the cellular level based on a particularly lasting plasticity of synapses, known as long-term potentiation, or LTP. Some of cellular and molecular mechanisms of induction and expression of this lasting neuronal plasticity beginning to be identified. They require the activation of specific receptors, as the NMDA glutamate receptors, and a set of molecular cascades activations, particularly protein kinases, allowing the conversion of extracellular signals to functional changes of neuronal connectivity. It also discovers that the rapid regulation of the expression of many genes allows remodeling sustainable neural networks underlying the formation of memory traces stable. Recent advances in research of cellular and molecular mechanisms of plasticity and memory are abstract "Serge Laroche think the past twenty years, research on memory has seen spectacular advances on two grounds. First, a new concept of memory has emerged with the work of cognitive psychology and neuropsychology, leading to admit the existence of several storage systems (semantic and episodic, procedural, working memory) based on separate brain systems. The media anatomo-functional these different forms of memory are now becoming better known and research on brain imaging in humans as well as approaches to behavioral neuroscience in animals lead to a dissection increasingly fine the various structures and brain circuits involved in these operations and various forms of memory. They show that each type of memory involves not one but several brain structures that operate in interaction. In apprehending better anatomical feature of certain brain circuits involved in these different forms of memory, it abandons the idea of unity of memory. The same memory can be encoded in different forms and involve different neural circuits that can be reactivated as required.

In addition, research on the neural mechanisms of memory is currently undergoing a revolution. Some theories and evidence in support pose the assumption of the role of fundamental mechanisms of neural plasticity in the training and retention of memory traces. Now it is accepted that neural circuits are changing constantly. Research shows neural activations selective certain categories of information or memory operations, but also the spread of these activities in different neural networks set Thursday The analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory continues by identifying more and more precise mechanisms of neural plasticity. These mechanisms require the activation of specific receptors and a set of molecular cascades activations to convert signals received by activation of neurons in functional changes of their connections, the synapses. It also discovers that the rapid activation of many genes allows remodeling sustainable neural networks underlying the formation of memory traces stable. This research opens up new avenues today for the study of memory failures that occur with age or during certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

In both areas, bringing different disciplines and fields of study on memory has led to the booming approaches based on the integration of levels of analysis of the cell in the body. The quarrels on the issue of a level of study specific memory are exceeded. Today, this interdisciplinary approach that allows the fundamental question of properties emerging between different levels of organization of the brain at the root of the most complex functions, such as memory.

For Professor Stanislas Dehaene "The human species is characterized by its remarkable ability culture. It relies ultimately on the brain plasticity of the developing brain, which allows the rapid establishment of circuits "neuro-cultural." In recent years, the brain of the child acquires a specialization and expertise to its own culture: a mother tongue, a writing system, and many other musical or mathematical skills are in his memory for the rest of life. The aim of my presentation is to take stock of our knowledge of how to produce some of these learning. The neuro-imaging shows that, in adults, cortical areas are specialized for each of the major areas of cultural competence: understanding spoken language is always associated with périsylviennes regions of the left hemisphere, the written language in the region occipito-temporal lower left, arithmetic bilateral parietal regions. There are from early childhood, even in infants, precursors of this specialization: the left temporal lobe and Broca's area already meet the spoken language, the way occipito-temporal involved in the recognition of objects and track occipitopariétale backbone in one of their number.
My proposal theoretical said Professor Stanislas Dehaene "is that these biases early brain, from the very first year of life, provide a framework that forced the learning culture. The cultural inventions such as reading invade cortical circuits that have evolved in a totally different context, but are likely to retrain partly for new uses for the human species. Every cultural object must find its niche brain, a circuit already organized but with a plasticity enough to be retrained. Thus human memory enriched it gradually, from the very early childhood, new representations which are all extensions of its genes. "

The debate has been pursued by the intervention of Francis Eustache[7] on "memory systems in humans: data pathology" For Francis Eustache The neuropsychology of the past fifty years has emphasized the importance of theoretical dissociation observed in different pathologies of memory: patients with a profound amnesiac syndrome have indeed maintained capacity in some areas of memory. Many dissociations were also highlighted in the framework of various degenerative diseases. These findings have stimulated research and led to several theoretical models favouring a pluralistic vision of memory organized in the form of separate components. Once these systems identified, the emphasis has been focused on relations between them and their functioning.
We proposed a model that takes into account data from many of the neuropsychology but also the cognitive psychology and functional brain imaging distinguishes five memory systems interact. Three systems for long-term representation are organized in a hierarchical configuration: perceptual memories (keep in mind simple percepts even before access to their meaning), to the semantic memory (memory of general knowledge about the world and itself) and episodic memory (memory of personal memories with printing revival of the event lived, see Tulving, 2002). In addition, the various components of working memory is a workspace that allows the short-term maintenance of various information during the conduct of activities in court (see Baddeley, 2000). Finally, the procedural memory is holding our skills and habits. This knowledge is firmly rooted in our memory, but they require too many interactions with other components of the model, especially when buying a new skill (see Beaunieux et al, 2006). The links are multidimensional between these different systems: the retrieval of information in a system allows the encoding or encryption and strengthens and extends / amends consolidation in another system.

The purpose of this briefing is to present, on the one hand, results and theoretical models who participated in the proposal MNESIS[8]. On the other hand, we insist on one of the current challenges is that is to integrate new dimensions to these memory systems, to better reflect the formation of memories and the construction of identity. Several examples will be taken in the field of autobiographical memory where various disconnects can be identified in neurodegenerative diseases.

The memory systems in humans: data from brain imaging has been interpreted by Beatrice Desgranges on the basis of "functional brain imaging in healthy subjects can be obtained" directly "information on brain structures involved in the workings of memory and besides, participates in discussion regarding the independence of memory systems and their interrelationships. Thus, in the field of episodic memory, brain imaging studies have been decisive in shaping the hypothesis of a hemispheric asymmetry of the process of encoding and retrieval in episodic memory that gave birth to the model HERA (Tulving et al., 1994). This model is verified in one of our studies (Bernard et al., 2001) by the method subtractive classic when encoding, activations are located in the prefrontal cortex, preferentially left, and at the recovery, they are in the right prefrontal cortex. In addition, the use another method of analysis (correlations between the values of cerebral blood flow obtained during the encoding and subsequent memory performance) has identified the role of the hippocampus in the success of memorization. The combination of these two methods has stressed the importance of the frontal cortex and the hippocampus, two structures that play crucial and complementary roles within a wider network.

The functional brain imaging has also contributed significantly to the understanding of relationships between different memory systems. Thus, the comparative analysis work on episodic memory and semantic memory suggests that these two memory systems are underpinned by two distributed networks, overlapping but separate, with common areas and specific parts to episodic memory . These data contradict the assumption of fully autonomous system memory, and instead support the organization proposed a hierarchical Tulving.

The third system memory, "perceptual representation system," differs from the previous two, not only in terms of brain structures involved (the occipital cortex), but also about the meaning of activations. Indeed, the involvement of the effects of seed leads not by an increase in activations, but by their decrease (Lebreton et al. 2001; Gagnepain et al., 2008).
Finally, contrary to the idea of independence of the procedural memory, as suggested by data neuropsychology, functional imaging has helped to highlight the close ties it has with other systems memory, especially at the beginning the acquisition procedures (Hubert et al., 2007, in press). In conclusion, the memory is a complex phenomenon whose normal operation is becoming better known, particularly through the methods of functional brain imaging. Compared with healthy subjects, this approach also allows us to better understand the nature and origin of cognitive deficits in normal aging and in certain brain diseases.

As for Bernard Lechevalier, the National Academy of Medicine in his presentation entitled "stroke amnesiac idiopathic the pathology of the hippocampus he presented The objective of this work was as follows:" address the issue of the pathophysiology of stroke amnesiac (IAI) from a cohort of 142 patients (reported in the journal Brain) considered CHU Caen from 1999 to 2005, during the episode amnesiac by a multidisciplinary team of guards neurologists, neuropsychologists and neuroradiologists. If the diagnosis of this syndrome is relatively easy, its cause and mechanism are still unknown. A letter from Paul Broca, discovered recently, shows that his self-observation (1854) may be regarded as the first description. In clinical point of view, against the U.S. definition (Transient global amnesia), we found that amnesia was not comprehensive, it is only episodic memory but respects the short-term memory, procedural and semantics. Attention, consciousness with the exception of temporomandibular spatial orientation, are also respected. It persists as a sequel only patchy amnesia. A number of triggers and associated clinical signs are listed. A battery of neuropsychological tests has been possible to consider the IAI as a lack of access to long-term memory from "buffer episodic" (described by Baddley), intermediate between the short and long term. If the EEG has always been normal décours of access, functional brain imaging has helped to better understand the condition. Traditionally, it was regarded as having a relationship with epilepsy, a cause hemodynamic, migraines. Today functional MRI dissemination highlighted during or décours of the episode, a predominantly unilateral anomaly in the field of CA1 hippocampus. This anomaly is discussing its location and its nature, in fact it was well established, according to comments anatomocliniques, that only bilateral lesions of the hippocampus could cause a syndrome amnesiac, while the field CA1 his situation is critical because is as much an area very sensitive to anoxia and headquarters, according to Cajal a combination of nerve fibers efferent of the hippocampus. The nature of this transitional image is unknown, we sought a rapprochement with abnormal potassium channel voltage dependent on the hippocampus contained in a form of non-limbic encephalitis para-neoplastic acquired and reversible, such as auto-immune.

         We believe that the social sciences on in the field of sociology and history analysis aspect of memory is important. In History, Pieter LAGROU[9], said that "For twenty years, the notion of collective memory is commonly used by historians. Its use, however, requires certain precautions to avoid misinterpretation. First, it must be stressed that the collective memory is an image, in any case the community can work the same way that an individual.

Secondly, we must emphasize that this word does not only the collective memory of a nation. The idea that the nation-state is the only source of collective memory correspond to theoretical models of totalitarian state. This idea is also its limitations through récalcitrance history and diversity of human communities.

In order to study the functioning of collective memories, it is possible to use some examples of comparative history. Thus, in 1948, when the first gathering of survivors of concentration camps, the Dutch delegation was surprised to see the French delegation with a flag. She was dismayed by the emergence of a symbolic military at an event which she covered for any connotation of that nature. It may explain the structuring different memories by French and Dutch packaging produced by some past events, unique to each country. Indeed, the Netherlands had remained neutral during the First World War, while France had participated. The French company was imbued with the speeches of veterans since 1918, which has structured its perception of the second conflict. The narration was also selective. It has, among others, helped to marginalize the memory of women's participation in the Resistance.

In some extreme cases also, there is an intrusion of the collective memory in individual memory. Thus, some former resistance are convinced to have started their commitment to resistance from the Appeal of 18 June 1940, while studying their correspondence indicates that they have heard the call of General de Gaulle a few years later. All these examples show the operation of collective memories. "

Outside the conference, researchers have done work in research laboratories in different universities.

On the family memory and a sociology of the intimate Anne MUXEL[10] believe that a part of memory and individual identity is built through the experience of family life. The study of the role of the memory of an individual in the construction of its identity is in developing new approaches in sociology, exploring a sociology of intimacy. Thus, the sociological study of memory family led him to assign three functions that serve more or less directly to the construction of personal identity, but also social individuals. The three functions of the family memory transmission With this first function of memory, the subject can enroll in a story, a claim parentage. The memory operates on the individual action identification and allows it to be within the framework of a genealogical history. This part of memory, archaeological somehow, founder of a family membership may be passed on to subsequent generations. Thus, the memory can participate in the movements of continuity and rupture at work in the chain of générations.La revival By act of memory, an individual relives past experiences, some events of his childhood. The remembrance, more or less voluntary through the operation, both magical and nostalgic remembrance, can be transported back into the past. In this sense, memory can cancel the time. The reflexivity By allowing an individual to make a return on its past, memory product an operation for evaluating this same past, and therefore also led to reconsider its present situation. By developing an attitude of reflexivity, if memory can guide the trajectory of the individual, in any case the consciousness thereof. "The past is not behind but ahead"; " individual is brought to negotiate continuously with its past to address his present life and future. The memory provides keys to understanding to study how people live and interpret the social experiences they face. From that perspective, sociology studies the relationship of the individual with his family memory.

In the field of bio neurology work of Professor Bernard SOUMIREU-MOURAT[11], are interesting. According to him, "The difficulty of the scientific approach to human memory is its twinge between psychology and biology, as a result of interactions between memory regarded as a container and memory regarded as a content. An aphorism of Théodule Ribot, said from the nineteenth century that "the memory is essentially a biological fact and a psychological accident."

While many steps remain to scientists by researchers in the years ahead, the path during the past twenty years is nevertheless significant. It has been discovered which is considerable capabilities with the brain. It involves a degree of miniaturization and plasticity exception, no artificial system is still able to approach. In addition, the mode of action of individual memory has been uncovered. It operates mechanisms for categorization and establishes similarities to learning and recognition of situations. The centerpiece of setting memory is a brain structure called the hippocampus circonvolution.
But what is the reality of our memory written that was denied by the other states which have been the subject of genocide and we talk about their memories of genocide, but not our? In this sense analyses of Academies of Science reverse the logic on genocide denial of Kotchgiri of Dersime, du Pont-Euxen Armenians and Greeks Kurds Assyrians and Chaldeans?

The Turkish State imperialist who denies the genocide of Armenians and Kurds supported by Israel then as the genocide of Jews and ours are realities of the historical memory of humanity.

That is why it important to cite article Yan Schubert who was commonly called Holocaust-Denkmal or Holocaust-Mahnmal, the memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe (Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas) from Berlin is a true reflection of the German political memory of the last twenty years of development and memories of the Jewish genocide, National Socialism and the Second World War in Germany. It underscores the difficult and complex report of the country's history IIIeReich, marked by a constant oscillation between a test mastery of the past and a willingness to draw a line on the final national-socialist period. If the public unveiling of the memorial designed by Peter Eisenman seems to be almost naturally in the wave commemorating the beginning of this year, he owes to a coincidence of timing. Formulated in summer 1988 by a group of citizens led by the publicist Lea Rosh, the very idea of the monument would have been done much earlier, far from the hype of sixty years of commemorations of the liberation of Auschwitz and the end of the Second World War in Europe. But subject to serious controversy over the dedication only to Jewish victims on the location and the aesthetic form of memorial, it is realized that seventeen years later, in a commemorative mémoriel and on a scale without precedent. "

So in conclusion we must ask again the question of the memory of genocide in relation to research conducted by scientists on memory? How this research will allow criminals to the States to know and understand the crime of genocide by this memory? Can you explain this crime out of the ordinary crimes and genocide committed by the Turkish State imperialist against the Armenians and Greeks and Kurds, Assyrians and Chaldeans based on memory? How to distinguish it from other mass killings or crimes against humanity? If this is neither the size nor the form of a killing that has made it a genocide, how to define the latter without memory? What reasons can be invoked by a government to decide to exterminate, in whole or in part, another group racial, ethnic, national or religious material evidence despite the Turkish state and continues to deny these theories are supported by the State Israel? Why the twentieth century has been called a "century of genocide"? Can you really prevent genocide? How can equality and protection to the oppressed peoples without written briefs? The mechanisms for combating crime as an international crime are without sufficient memory? What place devote the "duty of memory" for that genocide does not happen again? How research of the Academy of Sciences will know how and the other memory?

 Dr Ali KILIC

Paris le 03-06-2008

 

 

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