UNIVERSITE  of  PARIS  X (Nanterre) 

The   Departement  of the   Socıology

 

 

The  MOUVEMENT  of the  LIBERATION NATIONALE

 the 

KOCGIRI

Projet  for  These of  Doctorat ın  Sociology  Political 

Direction  the 

Mr.    Prof. Dr.Jean Marie Demaldent 

 

Present  by 

 

EVIN  ÇIÇEK

 

EVIN CICEK

The question Kurdish main road and the National liberation movement of Korgiri is   Object  of our research of the point of sight I' analyzes socio-history of the events of I' time concernee.

During dernieres years, the Kurdish national question re-appeared in an intensive way has I' agenda at the international level. This preoccupe question since years the countries locate in the area concernee and is is  the origin long conflicts interieurs and of economic and social crises.

With the Arabs, Persians and Armeniens, the Kurds are one of the oldest people of the area. country which they live is appele Kurdistan. The Kurds have their characteristic language, Kurdish. Kurdish is a European language indo and belongs, with the Persan one, Afghan I' and the baloutche, with the Iranian group. Apparent Kurdish West neither Arab I' nor with Turkish has.

With time, the dialects have developpe a language litteraire interessante. The dialect it more repandu is Kurmanci. Kurmanci east speaks by approximately 90% about the Kurds from Turkey; it is also speaks in the Kurdish areas about Iran and Iraq neighbors of Turkey and by the Kurds in Syria, i.e. 60% of  the together Kurds. Sorani east speaks in the central areas about Kurdistan in Iran and in Iraq. Zazaki east speaks in certain areas about Kurdistan about Turkey. In the three parts of the South of Kurdistan, one speaks Gorani and others dialects.

Large the majorite of the Kurds, either 75%, are Moslems sunnites, approximately 15% of the Alevis Moslems. Alevis live mainly in the areas of North and I' Ouest of Kurdistan of Turkey thus in the Khorassan area in Iran. In Iran and in Iraq, there exist other religious groups, for example, the Feyli Kurds Shiites or Ahl-e-Haqq (holders of Write), close to Alevis. In the various parts of Kurdistan, in particular, in the area or meet the borders of Turkey, of I' Iraq and of  the Armenie, also live Yezidi. Formerly, the religion of Yezidis, of which the roots go up

until A Zarathoustra, repandue etait very among Kurds. In the central area of Kurdistan also populations live of chretiens Assyrian and chaldeens.

Very early, them Kurds have cheek an important role in  the history of this area. Of many Greek, Roman, Arab sources and armeniennes make state of it. With Islamic I' time, between the 11eme and 1éme century, the Kurds have melts of important dynasties, like Shaddadides, Marwanides and Ayyoubides : the Saladin Sultan, founder of the dynsatie of Ayyoubides which regnait on I' Egypt, Syria and Kurdistan, took a place of importance in I' history.

Turks originating in Central Asia are arrive in Anatolia at the 11eme century, in passing by Perse. They have melts the dynasties Seldjoukides and I' worsens Othoman. Kurdistan has ete a long time the success of the conflicts weapons between Othoman empires and Persian. At this time, the Kurdish principalities took party sometimes for I' sometimes for different I' and preserves their statute thus of autonomy. However in 1638, the official division of Kurdistan east seals by draft of Kasri-e-Shirin. From this date to the medium of the 19eme century, these two States fought the Kurdish principalities and have them finally elimine.

From beginning of the 19eme century, the fight between these two great States revet a character national. Kurdish princes Berdirkhan and Expensive Yazdan as well as chiefs monks the such sheik Ubeydullah have fight for I' unit and I' independence of Kurdistan, but left overcome this fight.

After Premiere World war, the worsens Othoman disparait and made place has new States which are crees on its old territory. After the signature of the draft of Separate it August 10, 1920, a Kurdish State would have being melts, which did not take place by continuation. Following the draft of Lausanne on July 24, 1923, Kurdistan signs Othoman was divided again. A part was placee under French protectorate and English, of the areas which were to become later Syria and  Iraq. The greatest part of Kurdistan remained has interior  of the borders of it who was going to become the Republic of Turkey, fondee on the ruins of   worsens Othoman.

Empire Othoman and ' worsen Persan, who etaient divisions Kurdistan, Wont never called in question  the existence of the Kurdish people. Same the Republic of Turkey first of all has defini the new borders like the "borders of Misak-i Milli (national pact), which includes the areas or lives them majorites Turkish and Kurdish ". Approximately 70 deputes Kurdish of which denomination official "deputes of Kurdistan ıs", participerent has the premiere meeting Large National Assembly has Ankara. Ismet Pascha, representant Turks, declared has Lausanne: "the Kurds and the Turks representent them true integrantes parts of the Republic of Turkey. The Kurds are not a minority, but, a nation. The government of Ankara West not only the government of the Turks but also that of the Kurds. »

However, after the signature of the draft of Lausanne, the policy of Ankara changed quickly. The structures of the new State were etablies to answer completely with the interests Turkish. The existence of the Kurds was niee. The language Kurdish, the Kurdish culture were prohibited. Words "Kurdish" and "Kurdistan" also. The policy kemalist did not hold account less world of multicultural structure of I' Anatolia, formee of mosaic people. It was based on I' assimilation of the other languages and cultures has the culture Turkish and on the creation of a "single nation". Article 39 of the draft of Lausanne, according to which the citizens of Turkey had the right to use freely their language in the everyday life, was crowd with the feet, and  the use Kurdish language completely prohibited as well in the press as in the system of education. To speak about the Kurds and to criticize the repression etait considere like a serious crime and severely punished.

In 1925, under the control of Sheik Said, the Kurds revolterent themselves against this policy. However, them soulevement was reprime in blood. Tens of thousands of Kurds were kill, others expel. In the years which

followed, there were others revoltes Kurdish. more significant took place 1930 has Ararat and in 1938 Dersim has. The Turkish State constantly made the war in Kurdistan.

After 1938 a relatively calm phase of approximately 20 years followed. However, it West not etonnant that the Kurds, deprive of their national laws and subjected has measurements of re-pressed massive, drive back has poverty and has I' uncertainty, and without possibility of using the legaux and peaceful means fight policy, again took again the weapons to fight against this cruel repression. Since 1979, Turkey controls Kurdistan by I' state of exception and the dirty war.

In other parts of Kurdistan, the things are deroulees of facon similar. The Kurds of Iraq, is Kurdistan of the South, also resistent since Fırst  World war. First of all under the control of sheik Mahmoud Barzinji (1919-1923), then of sheik Ahmed Barzani and her brother Mustafa Barzani (has to leave 1933), of risings took place; but these risings were also matt. However, I' identite Kurdish  n ' does not have ete contestee in Iraq. Thanks to their combat, the Kurds also obtained certain cultural rights. They obtained schools, universities, emissions of radios, etc. Kurdish culture is developpee in this area.

An examination looked further into national question should hold account, above all, of process has through which one east arrive has the formation of the "nations" contemporary. This West process that an aspect of the general process of development of capitalism

However West capitalism not only the force which cree the nations, it is also that which, has some stage of its development, subjects them and oppresses them. Draft of Versailles in is the most monstrous proof.  war of 1914-1918 has "libere" certain people. The dismantling of I' worsens austro-Hungarian, the creation of one Poland "independante", etc.., are an example. But in same time, it has subjected other people or fractions of those to the victorious States and, sometimes, has these same States which had emerged in the name of I' national independence

Draft of Versailles, triumph of Russian revolution, the development of the movements revolutionnaires in other countries and particular difficulties of the movement revolutionnaire. resistance and the proclamation I' State Independant- Kurdish has KoCgiri is one striking example.

The movement independantist of KoCgiri ıs directs by Aliser and the other intellectuals Kurds of Northern Dersim Is. This movement wanted to found a Kurdish State Independant.ll became a movement revolutionnaire democratic. But it ete does not have not recognized. This is why it is essential of etudier this questions in the Files. Frangaises English, Turkish, Persian and Russian, Italieennes.

Indeed Kurdish people living with the Means The East in company of the people Turkish, Arabic and Persians, will continue has to live naturally with them. An approach of the problem and its solution, being based on these realities, will be the best attitude which can be adopted. During any history the people have ete massacres by I' worsens Othoman like by I' State Kemaliste. The example G.fsta striking it is the genocide armeniens and assyro Chaldeens which makes I' object of a genocide like the area of KoCgiri in 1921 and 1936. It estPourqu' it is necessary to come on I' together from this question.

In March 1915, the Turkish autorites decident of deporter all the populations armeniennes of I' is of I' Anatolia towards deserts of Mesopotamie and of Syria. The argument advance is that I' worsens Othoman is in war against Russia and that Armeniens de I' empire seemed prets has to line up dimension of the Russians. There is not Armeniens, subjects of the tsar, in the rows of Russian I' armee? Columns of hundreds of thousands of deportes have walks on has foot on hundreds of kilometres, decimees by the famine and attacks of commandos Turkish or Kurdish. The Turks make the point that during this conflict, the Moslems, Turks or Kurds have ete so many A to perir. They are the conditions of war of I' time which is responsible for such a mortalite affirm those which recusent I' idee of a Turkish will of genocide towards Armeniens, like Assyro-Chaldeens which underwent the same fate.

Some made precis lets think the opposite. Armeniens evoquent the raid of April 24, 1915 has Istanbul which aims, not potential revoltes, but I' elite armenienne of the capital, however Me with the capacity. 2 345 people, writers, doctors, clergymen, professors, elus... are arretes the same day, deportes and put died. With same time in I' armee, the conscripts armeniens are put has I' ecart, desarmes and shoot. II selection of the victims had well there, therefore genocide. deportations of I' Is Anatolian would be thus only one operation of " ethnic purification "of great scale under cover of world war? II is a fact that displacements of population also have concerns areas situees far from the face, like Cilicie, another great area armenienne.

Premices of this genocide had taken place well before the war, in 1894­1896 the repression of a revolte country-woman had made 300 000 died, then in Cilicie in 1909, 30 000 dead. Already, observers had note the selectif character of the massacres. The last took place in 1922, at the time of the catch of Smyrna (Izmir) by the Turkish armees.

How much y-a it have victims? Current Turkish autorites

recognize 300 000 dead armeniens. Gilles Veinstein, historian frangais recuse by Armeniens for its negation of the character genocidaire of the massacres of 1915, estimates the assessment has 600 000 victims armeniennes. The historians armeniens speak about a million has a million and half of deaths.

Today, the problem of the reality or not of the genocide armenien is, for Turkey, a question of policy etrangere. In interior I' of the country, the subject is completely taboo since the rehabilitation of the persons in charge in 1923.

With Armeniens, these small communities form the minority chretienne of Turkey. II also a small Jewish community has there sepharade.

- Greeks: 1,2 million Greeks have ete constrained to leave I' Asia minor in 1923 is 10 % of population living has I' time on current I' territory of Turkey. Officially, they would be only 3 000 today...

- Assyro-Chaldeens: are not more than a few tens of thousands in Turkey (much more in Iraq). They have ete victims of same the genocide that Armeniens and have essaime in one small diaspora.

The first is the Draft of Batum. Tasnaks have proclaims a Armenienne Republic on May 28, 1918 has Erivan. And, I' State Othoman recognized this Repeblique while signing treats it of Batum with armeniens on June 7, 1918.

The defaite undergone by the Othomans during the premiere world war and the conclusion signs of I' armistie of Mondros dating from the 30 October 1918, have

mobilize the armeniens again.

The Conference Peace of Paris debocuhant on the dictat of Separate, A leaves laquestion concerning the forantieres of I' Armenie has I' arbitration of Wilson, president of State-Plain of America; and the president Wilson has envoye a delegation americaine presidee by the general James G. Harbord, in Turkey in order to carry out the necessary investigations in matter, on the spot, in autumn 1919. The Harbord delegation carrying out them investigations in September and October 1919, Turkey

16 MAI 1916: WithccorD "SYKES-PICOT" on divide of the Middle East:

Following one long exchange of letters between M. Paul Cambon, ambassador of France has London, and Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of State with Foreign Office, a top secret agreement is concluded has Downing Street between Sir Mark Sykes, for I' England and M. Franrois George-Barb, for France. II equivaut has a true cutting-up of I' spaces included/understood between the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, I' Indian Ocean and the Caspian Sea, This area is decoupee in:

A French restricted parking zone, of direct administration (Lebanon and Cicilie); An Arab zone A, of influence frangaise (Syria of north and province of Mosul); An English red zone, of direct administration (Kuwait and Mesopotamie); An Arab zone B, of English influence, (Syria of the south, Jordan and Palestine); A Brown zone, of international administration including/understanding St-Jean d' Acre, Haiffa and Jerusalem. (cf Jean Pichon: The Division of the Middle East, p. 92.)

January 1918: The new government Bolshevik reveals the text of the draft SYKES-PICOT:

Having finds the text of the draft Sykes-Barb in files of the Ministry for the businesses etrangeres of Petrograd, the Governor Bolshevik, who A supplants the mode tsarist since October 1917, carries it has the knowledge of the Othoman Government. The Turks see a means there of discrediter English and Frangais with the eyes of the Arabs. They it communicate to Cherif Hussein of Mecque that they has a presentiment of

to withdraw coalition and to conclude a peace separee with them.

February 18, 1918: Response of the Government British has the request explanations formulee by Cherif hussein.:

"the Government of its Majeste and its combine Wont not gives up their policy which consists has to bring them contests most whole A all the movement which fight for the release of Nations opprimees. Under the terms of this principle, they are more than ever resolus has to support the Arab people in their effort to found an Arab World in which the law will replace Othoman arbitrary I' and or I' unit will prevaudra on rivalites artificially provoquees by the intrigues of the administrations Turkish.

"the Government of Its Majeste confirm its former promises concerning the release of the Arab people. ".(Preparatory Notes for the Palestine problem, A white paper, Amman, 1964, p. 1213)

November 9, 1918: Franco-English proclamation with Arab people:

October 30, 1918, overcome Turkey sign with combine an armistice has Moudros. The Othoman Empire has cease to exist. but population Arab, deeply troublees by publication of the draft Sykes-Barb, wonder with anguish what I' future their reserve.

To calm their apprehensions, Governments frangais and British publish the following declaration jointly:

"the goal which Great Britain and France consider by continuing in the East the war dechainee by by I' ambition allemande, is I' complete and definitif stamping so a long time people oppress by the Turks and I' establishment of

National governments and of Administrations, drawing to them autorite in I' initiative and the free choice of the populations indigenes.

"to take action on these intentions Great Britain and France agree to encourage and to help has I' establishment of Governments and Administrations indigenes in Syria and in Mesopotamie, currently liberees by combine, or in territories of which they continue the release, and for reconnaitre those at once that they will be indeed etablis.

"Far from wanting to impose on populations of these areas such or such institutions, they Wont of other concern to ensure, by their support and an effective assistance, it normal operation of the Governments and Administrations which they will be freely given."To ensure an impartial justice and egale for all, to facilitate the economic development of the country while causing and while encouraging local initiatives, to support the diffusion of I' instruction, to put an end with divisions too lengthily exploitees by the Turkish policy, such is it role that the two Governments combine assert in the territories liberes. » (

Concluded on August 10, 1920, treats it of Separate is treats it peace between combine and I' Worsens Othoman which loses Arab Thrace, I' lonie, I' Armenie and its provinces, whose SDN entrusts I' administration has France and in the United Kingdom, as well as the control of Detroits which is internationalize. "But if this document were sign by the Othoman government from Istanbul, majority of the Turks, in almost the totality of the country, recognized that I' autorite government of Ankara directs by Mustafa Kemal which, categoriquement refused this draft and its clauses to him. »

In the third section of the Draft of Separate concerning Kurdistan, we note following description:

« One Commission siegeant has Constantinopole, and composee of three me mbres respectively name by the British Government, frangais and Italian, will prepara in the six months has to date from the bringing into force from present treats, I' local autonomy for the areas or dominate of Kurdish element, situees has I' is of I' Euphrate, in the south of the border of I' Armenie, such as it could be determinee later on, and in the north of the border of Turkey with Syria and Mesopotamie, in accordance with description donnee has I' article 27,11-and (3); "

In accordance with I' article 64 of the Draft of Separate "So the aforementioned renunciation has lieO and at the time that it will take place, no objection will be elevee by the principal ones Powers alliees has I' opposition to voluntary I' adhesion has this Kurdish State independant Kurds living the;partie of Kurdistan included/understood until A present in the vilayets of Moussoul "It is the legal base of the revolte who constitutes @4 right A Kurdish I' autodetermination, put into practice revolutionnaire by the National liberation movement of KoCgiri.

milked Separate is revise by the draft of Kars 16 the Mars 1921, Turkey has sign treats it of Moscow with I' Union sovietic on March 16, 1921, which allowed of determiner the borders turco-Soviet which existing A I' state current. draft of Kars has ete concluded with I' Armenie Sovietique but one week after soulevement of Koggiri the 21 starts.03.1921. Lenine without supporting it movement independantist of Koggiri, signs it the Draft with the fascists Turkish, initially Kazim Karabekir which is criminal genocide of the people armenien armenien. On this subject Lenine is in contradiction with its clean idees:

"L E Marxism is irreconcilable A vec nationalism, was more "just", more "pure", finest and more civilizes. With the place of any nationalism, the Marxism puts linternationalism "

The principle of nationality is historically ineluctable in the company

middle-class woman, and, account held of this company, the Marxist reconnait fully legitimite history of the movements nationals "

A question arises until A which Lenine point, etait Marxist in his pollitique with M. Kemal?

Here the proof and a week after the massacre of Kurds here the chronology of the Facts according to official data's:

1 Mars 1921 A Moscow, signature of a draft of friendship with I' Afghanistan. Ismet (Inonu) Bey, ordering Western face, is promoted general.

2 Mars 1921 It Doctor Adnan Bey is selected as vice-president of the large assembly main road.

6 Mars 1921 Beginning revolte of Koggir. It will be reprimee on June 17, 1921.

7 Mars 1921 Release of Ahmet Izzet Pasha and of Salih Pasha.

11 Mars 1921 the forces of the Eastern face occupy Batoumi.

12 Mars 1921 the conference of London ends.

12 Mars 1921 the anthem national, "the walk of I' Independance", east adopts by the large one Turkish national assembly.

14 Mars 1921 the forces of the Eastern face occupy Ahiska.

15 Mars 1921 Assassination of Talat Pasha has Berlin.

16 Mars 1921 Signature of the draft of Moscow by the government of the large Turkish national assembly and Russia Sovietique.

18 Mars 1921 A the end of I' attacks of Georgiens against the Turkish national forces, them units of red I' armee enter has Batoumi.

Main road, Mustafa Kemal declares: "freedom and I' independence form part of my character."

April 23, 1921 law proclaiming the day of April 23 fete national, is adopted by the large one Turkish national assembly.

April 27 1921 the Greeks occupy Izmit.

April 28, 1921 Ziya Gokalp and its 39 friends, liberes by the English has Malta, arrive has Istanbul.

April 30, 1921 journalist Frenchwoman George-Berthe Gaulis arrives has Ankara. (It A interviews Mustafa Kemal and has ecrit books and articles of newspapers in favour of Turkish.)

May 3, 1921 New reunification of the face Westerner.

May 8, 1921 Bekir Sami Bey leaves his station of depute businesses etrangeres.

May 9, 1921 Tcherkesse Ethem east condemns has the death penalty.

May 10, 1921 Mustafa Kemal and its friends form the group for the defense of the rights of Anatolia and of Roumelie, recognized like the first group. (the following day, Mustafa Kemal will be elu president of the group. The second group was composed of opponents.)

May 13 1921 Them police chiefs superieurs of the States de I' Alliance (Pell, Rumbold and Garroni), which were has Istanbul, proclaim the detroits of the Bosphorus and of Dardanelles impartial zones.

May 16, 1921 Yusuf Kemal becomes depute businesses etrangeres.

May 19, 1921 One new cabinet is form in the presidency of Fevzi Pasha.

May 24, 1921 Mustafa Sagir, come has Ankara as representant Indian Moslems, and decouvert then as spy

May 25, 1921 June 1, 1921 June 9 1921 June 12 1921 13 June 1921 June 13, 1921

June 17, 1921

charge with assassinating Mustafa Kemal, is a judge and execute. The Italians leave Marmaris.

Italians start has to leave the area of Antalya.

Representant frangais Franclin-Bavillon arrives has Ankara. The king of Greece arrives has Ankara.

In Amasya, Qapanoglu Halit Bey is execute.

The large Turkish national assembly gives the title of commander-in-chief Mustafa Kemal has.

Repression of the revolte of Koçgiri.

The State Sovietique by signing the Draft of Moscow with Turkey A betrays completely the fight of libeberation Nationale of Kurdistan. Here the proof.

Article 1

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE LARGE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF TURKEY AND GOVERNMENTS OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLICS OF SOVIETS Of ARMENIE, AZERBAIDJAN and GEORGIE considerent like null and not which occurred drafts concluded between the Governments which have before exert the rights of souverainete on the territory currently forming part territory of the Contracting Parts and concerning the territories precites as well as the drafts concluded with the Non-member states and concerning Transcaucasiennes Republics. II is of course that the Draft Turco-Russian sign has Moscow 16 the Mars 1921-1337 fact exception has the content of this article.

Article2

The Contracting Parts are of agreement reconnaitre no draft of peace or another international act has that one would like to impose has I' one of them. Under the terms of this agreement, them Governments of the Socialist Republics of the Soviets of Armenie, Azerbaidjan and of Georgie, accept reconnaitre no act international concerning Turkey which is not recognized by the National Government of Turkey, represente currently by its Large National Assembly. (are heard by the term of Turkey in the direction of present Traite the territories included/understood in the Turkish Pact Main road of the 28 January 1920 (1336) elabore and proclaims by the Room of deputes Othoman A Constantinople and communicates has the press and has all them States).Of its dimension, the Government of the Large National Assembly of Turkey accepts reconnaitre no act international concerning I' Armenie, I' Azerbaidjan and Georgie which is not recognized by the respective Governments of these countries, representes currently by Soviets of Armenie, Azerbaidjan and Georgie.

The movement independantist of Koçgiri etait directs by Aliser and the other Kurdish intellectuals of Northern Dersim Is. This movement wanted to found a Kurdish State Independant.ll became a movement revolutionnaire democratic. But it does not have ete not recognized. This is why it is essential of etudier this questions in the Files.

Indeed Kurdish people living with the Middle-East in company of the people Turkish, Arabic and Persians, will continue has to live naturally with them. An approach of the problem and its solution, being based on these realities, will be the best attitude which can be adopted. During all history the people have ete massacres by I' worsens Othoman like by I' State Kemaliste. The plsu example striking it is the genocide armeniens and assyro Chaldeens which makes I' object of a genocide like the area of Koggiri in 1921 and 1936. It is ourqu' it is necessary to come on I' together from this question.

 

When one discusses the Kurdish problem, they is front all, Kurdish relations Turkish and historical consequences of this relation which comes has I' spirit. The premiere meets important between people Kurdish and Turkish took place during the war of Malazgirt, which saw

The army of Selcuklu, emmenee by Alpaslan, to overcome the Byzantines and to sign his entree in Anatolia. The Kurds took share has this war with the dimensions of Turkish and largely contribuerent and in a significant way has their installation in Anatolia. The same support their A ete grants in 1514 during war of Caldiran, which saw the Othoman borders etendre until A current Iranian border and in the Arab world. Turkish Kurdish relations of I' time allowed securiser the borders of I' worsens Othoman A I' Is, he thus allowing to conduct a campaign of widening of its territory until A Vienna. At the time of the most critical period of I' history of the people Turkish, it is has to say at the time of the national war of liberation which has ete menee has the continuation of the 1 era world war, Kurdish people A again brings one considerable assistance with the Turkish people, which allowed the birth of the Republic of Turkey. But the Kemaliste Government does not have hesite like Alparslan and Yavuz Sultan Selim have realise massacres, hundreds of the thousands of the Kurds esentiellement Alevis have ete massaacres. For this period relations Turkish Kurdish has ete worst, is the current period, which debute after the genocide armenien of 1915. The Kurdish people having taken share have the war of release and has the construction of Turkey, in 1921, with the decision of M. Kemal, the population of Korgiri is completely massacree then that revendiactions of the Kurdish People etait legitime completely.. Lenine which has etabli relations with Kemalistes and I' helps accordee in Kemalistes and Lenine A gives means too has bourgesoisy Turkish to massacre the minorities including the Communists Turkish in the Black Sea.    .Whereas the Kurdish leader Aliser had etabli relations with Russian Communists.Malgre I' idee according to which Lenine said "If one Ukrainian Marxist leaves entrainer by a hatred perfectly legitime and naturel% against the oppressors large-Russian at the point to defer would be this only one parcel% of this hatred, or same a feeling dhostilite, on the culture pro%tarienne and the ceuvre pro%tarienne of the workmen large-Russian, it will slip by same in the mud pit of nationalism middle-class man. Likewise, a Marxist large-Russian will slip into the mud pit of nationalism, not only middle-class, but so ultra-reactionnaire, S it forget only one moment

Re vendication of the complete equality in rights for the Ukrainians or their right to constitute a independant State. » But for I' State Independant Kurdish, Lenine and Stalin Wont nothing fact. For Kurdish but they have assistance in Kemalisme sufficiently for to massacre the Kurdish People and the other minorities.

In his report/ratio in 1921 has Communist I' Internationale Lenine said

"working masses of the countries co%niaux and semi co%niaux, which forms limmense majorite!population has of sphere, have ete eveillees has political life as of the beginning of the XX° siec% in particular by the revolutions from Russia, of Turkey, of Perse and China. The war imperialist of 19>4 19>8 and the capacity sovietic in Russia definitively makes these masses one active factor of the world politics and the destruction revolutionnaire of limperialism, although educated D Europe and dAmeric lower middle class, including the chiefs of the ll ° lnternationale and lnternationale ll 1/2, are obstinated has not it to notice. The British lndes took the tete these countries; the revolution y go up, dune leaves, has measure that the industrial and railway pro%tariat becomes more numerous, and dautre share " has measure that the English exert one terror more feroce, multiplying the massacres (Amritsar [ > ]), public fustigations, etc. ». But Lenine supports I' State Turkish, has decide to massacre the People of Koggiri. The question who is posed for which reason, Lenine and I' State Sovietique did not support right has I' autodetermination Kurdish Nation?Then the foundation of I' State Independant Kurdish etait conform to the idees of Lenine above.

"right of the nations has to have el%s-same means exclusively their right has lindependance policy, has the free one political separation D has vec the nation which oppresses them. Concretely, this claim of the political democratie means the entiere freedom of propaganda in favour of the separation and the solution of this problem by the way dun referendum within the nation which separe. Thus, this Re vendication N has the same direction at all that that of separation, of morcel%ment, of formation of small Oats. It nest that the consequent expression of the fight against any national oppression. More regimedemocratic the dun Rat is near to the entiere freedom of separation, more will be rare and weak, in practical, tendencies has separation, because advantages of the great States, from the point of view as well of economic progress that interests of the mass, is indubitable, and they increase unceasingly with deve%ppement capitalism. Reconnaitre right dautodetermination equivaut not has reconnaTtre the principle of the federation. One can be an adversary resolu of this principle and being in favour of the centralism democratic, but preferer the federation has the inegalite main road, like only steals driving to the centralism democratic integral. It is precisely from this point of view that Marx, while etant centralist, same the federation of flrlande with lAngleterre preferait has lassujettissement force of the lrlande by English. ))(1)

Indeed, Lenine supporting M. Kemal; does not only have betrays the class ouvriere of Turkey, but also all the people oppress of Turkey which have I' object of the crimes of Mustafa Kemal, wqui has decide to adopt decisions for to massacre the people of Korgiri and Dersim. In meesure the People oppress fought for the right has I' autodetermination, I' approaches Lenine remains derriere imperialists:

"To shake any yoke feodal, any oppression of the nations, all the privileges for one of the nations or one of the languages, it is the duty absolute of the pro%tariat as a democratic force, linteret absolute of fight of class pro%tarienne, laquel% is darkened and retardee by querel%s national. But to help middle-class nationalism beyond this framework strictly limit and clearly locates in a historical context determine, it is to betray the pro%tariat "

Indeed, Lenine A betrays Proletariat while helping has Mustafa Kemal

"does the fight counter any national yoke? Yes, certainly. The fight for all deve%ppement national, for the "national culture" in general? Not, certainly. The deve%ppement economic one of the capitalist company shows us

in whole world of the examples of national movements incompletely deve%ppes, of examples of constitution of great nations by the fusion or to detriment of certain small, of the examples of assimilation of the nations. The principle of middle-class nationalism, it is deve%ppement of nationality in general, of oci exclusive character of middle-class nationalism, national querel%s without exit. As for the pro%tariat, far from wanting defendre deve%ppement national of any nation, it puts on the contrary the masses keeps some against tel%s illusions, preconise freedom more complete of the echanges capitalists and greets any assimilation of the nations, excludes the assimilation by the constraint or cel% which is based on privileges. U

It is against these errors histories which our These will start to put in evidence

The current verite of Kurdistan has to leave the revolte of Koj~giri.

Notes

[ 1 ] April 13, 1919, English troops reprimerent a meeting in the town of Amritsar (India). II had there 400 died and 1200 wound, of which women and children. This episode will radicalize I' opposition to British colonialism in India.

[ 2 ] S. E. R. P. : Jewish Socialist Working party, nationalist organization, near to Socialists revolutionnaires. The ccor of its program etait the promulgation Parliaments (Diets) Jews off-shore. (N R.)

 

Kurdistan, current is a country of 40 million inhabitants whose language and culture are prohibited.It is morcele, colonizes by four States colonialists (except Current Southern Kurdistan) exploit the richnesses of the country since hundreds years. This policy has jete the Kurdish people in misery, poverty 1' ignorance.It 1' A condemns has a life of slavery in its own country. hundreds of thousands of Kurds live under inhuman conditions has cause unemployment, of 1' oppression or of 1' exile forces, which became the batch of almost each one Kurdish families.

 

The resistance of the Kurdish people against share its fatherland,the yoke colonialist, 1' oppression, for right has 1' autodetermination 6t6­reprimee by terror and cruelty in 25 has large revoltes in Turkey and ten in Iran in Iraq. Oppression pratiquee by these countries against the Kurdish people is today is inhuman.But the fight of the people Kurdish continues malgre the chemical bombardments of weapons.

 

With 1' use of the military pontentiel americain and English in the fight against renvercement of the mode of Saddam for the Foundation of Iraq Federal of which the Federation of Kurdistan as the minimum program for 1' Unite of Kurdistan today Kurdistan occupies the foreground of world politics. That is with the enormous natural richnesses like 1' importance of the strategic military situation this country.Let us recall that one great part of the richnesses prospectees of oil of the capitalist world find in Kurdistan and 1' extraction of black For reached has some periodes ( before the conflict irano-Iraqi) a billion tons per annum. Of these deliveries regular depend the normal operation of 1' saving in many countries from Western Europe, of Japan and other States.The monopolies petroliers, them powerful of the capitalist world, known under 1' name ' seven sister y operent ".

 

Of more, getting busy has to increase in a manner or a another anti-human dangerous policy, them governments Turkish, and Iranian, Syrian accumilent calumnies has 1' egard of the movement Kurdish national.

 

Kurdistan, current is a country of 40 million inhabitants whose language and culture are prohibited.It is morcele, colonizes by four States colonialists (except Current Southern Kurdistan) exploit the richnesses of the country since hundreds years. This policy has jete the Kurdish people in misery, poverty 1' ignorance.It 1' A condemns has a life of slavery in its own country. hundreds of thousands of Kurds live under inhuman conditions has cause unemployment, of 1' oppression or of 1' exile forces, which became the batch of almost each one Kurdish families.

 

The resistance of the Kurdish people against share its fatherland,the yoke colonialist, 1' oppression, for right has 1' autodetermination ete reprimee by terror and cruelty in 25 has large revoltes in Turkey and ten in Iran in Iraq. Oppression pratiquee by these countries against the Kurdish people is today is inhuman.But the fight of the people Kurdish continues malgre the chemical bombardments of weapons.

 

With 1' use of the military pontentiel americain and English in the fight against renvercement of the mode of Saddam for the Foundation of Iraq Federal of which the Federation of Kurdistan as the minimum program for 1' Unite of Kurdistan today Kurdistan occupies the foreground of world politics. That is with the enormous natural richnesses like 1' importance of the stratgic military situation this country.Let us recall that one great part of the richnesses prospectees of oil of the capitalist world find in Kurdistan and 1' extraction of 1' black gold reached has some periodes ( before the conflict irano-Iraqi) a billion tons per annum. Of these deliveries regular depend the normal operation of 1' saving in many countries from Western Europe, of Japan and other States.The monopolies petroliers, them powerful of the capitalist world, known under 1' name ' seven sister y operent ".

Of more, getting busy has to increase dune manner or of a another anti-human dangerous policy, them governments Turkish, and Iranian, Syrian accumilent calumnies has 1' egard of the movement Kurdish national.

 

In the part of Kurdistan occupee by Turkey, 1' armee Turkish uses poison gases against the Kurdish people.Of more, military effective two thirds of 1' Turkish State, it is - A-statement 450.000 soldiers and a special unit including/understanding of the special units dotees of 64.000 men and 60000 mercenaries are stationnees in Kurdistan. Tens of thousands Kurds are imprison without J ugement and tortures in a country or the word "' Kurd" itself is banished dictionary. The democrats Turkish also are deprive of freedom of expression, of political activities.

 

In the part of Kurdistan occupee by 1' Iran, the mode of Khomeyni made to assassinate 50.000 civil and more 4000 Kurdish resistants have ete kill. hundreds of dwellings have ete detruites.The populationde tens of villages frontier with 1' Iraq has ete deportee since cease fire after them area was used as battle field of the Iran-Iraq war.Iran continues same military policy by using Chintz Iraqi against the interests of the Kurdish People.

In the part of Kurdistan occupee by Syria 350.000 Wont Kurds not citizenship, Wont no civic rights and the committed crimes has Qamislo by the Syrian mode, is a crime against the  Humanity.

 

In the part of Southern Kurdistan, malgre inversion of the mode of Saddam, more than 30 times them chemical weapons have ete utilisees and 5 000 villages have ete detruits, one million and half of villager eloignes of Kurdistan. Mountains, fields, the orchards are fires. One estimates has 500.000 people of the population of 22 small concernees cities. The areas closed by the mode are bombardees day and night. The soldiers crush and kill. More than 8.000 families are disappeared. More celebre of these martyrdoms cities, HALABJA "detruite the 16 March 1988, its population massacree by chemical gases, remains it today symbol of the repression against the Kurdish nation and, with the dela against all 1' Humainte."Halabja, high quotes of the resistance whose criminals of are not J uges.

 

In the part of Kurdistan occupee by Turkey,  the  armey  Turkish uses poison gases against the Kurdish people.Of more, military effective two thirds of 1' Turkish State, it is - A-statement 450.000 soldiers and a special unit including/understanding of the special units dotees of 64.000 men and 60000 mercenaries are stationnees in Kurdistan. Tens of thousands of Kurds are imprison without judgement and tortures in a country oil the ' Kurdish "word" itself is banished dictionary. Democrats Turkish also is deprive of freedom of expression, of political activities.

 

In the part of Kurdistan occupee by 1' Iran, the mode of Khomeyni made assassinate 50.000 civil and more 4000 Kurdish resistants have ete kill. Hundreds of dwellings have ete detruites.The populationde tens of frontier villages with 1' Iraq has ete deportee since cease it fire after their area was used as battle field of the war Iran-Iraq.Iran continues the same military policy by using Chintz Iraqis against the interests of the Kurdish People.

In the part of Kurdistan occupee by Syria 350.000 Wont Kurds not citizenship, Wont no civic rights and the committed crimes has Qamislo by the Syrian mode, is a crime against 1' Humanite.

 

In the part of Southern Kurdistan, malgre inversion of the mode of Saddam, more than 30 times them chemical weapons have ete utilisees and 5000 villages have ete detruits, one million and half of villager eloignes of Kurdistan. Mountains, fields, the orchards are fires. One estimates has 500.000 people of the population of 22 small concernees cities. The areas closed by the mode are bombardees day and night. The soldiers crush and kill. More than 8.000 families are disappeared. More celebre of these martyrdoms cities, HALABJA "detruite the 16 March 1988, its population massacree by chemical gases, remains it today symbol of the repression against the Kurdish nation and, with the dela against all 1' Humainte."Halabja, high quotes of the resistance whose criminals of are not J uges.

  

Translation of  the Extrait from my book published in 1999 in Sweden

I am nee in 1961 has Koqgiri. One said "We go has Istanbul". Thus I have leave my village in 1969. I imagined Istanbul like a village. It is in the village of Badun Bardakli) which I saw for the premiere time a vehicule motorizes. I had ete emmenee has Istanbul, in a country different. I had ete surprised a long time by the meeting of sensitivities and different cultures in this country different. It is has 1' age 9 years which I had obtained my "national chart of identite ". One has me emmenee in this place which one called school. Except my brother and me, everyone spoke Turkish. Us etions touts only. My brother and me we held the hands firmly. Us etions like tombs in the vacuum of 1' space. Us etions etonnes. I was nine years old and it etait premiere time that I etais confrontee has a language other than Kurdish. I knew only that I etais Kurdish. I loved much the Kurds. It etait all. In 1980, I have decouvert 1' existence of a country names Kurdistan. It is the continuation of chances which have me reveillee. Fai starts has evoluer in the direction patriotic. In 1981, I knew two months of guard-A-sight, follow-ups of detention in 1' institution nommee prison. First moments of guard-A-sight, the premiere question which has me ete posee, etait: "Es you Kizilbas (Tete-Red *? Until to date, never I did not etais myself reappropriee of my statute of Kurd nor of Tete-Red. I only commenqais is to me reveiller a length sleep. During the guard-A-sight, my name etait K-3: Kurd, Kizilbas and Communist.

In 1973, in the downtown area of Sivas (Sewaz), I had assist with ceremonies organisees has 1' occasion of the events of September 4. I did not have no the interrogations has 1' time. I was unaware of the true reasons of "Congers of Sivas". December 23, 1973, whereas we return of Koqgiri has Sivas, I had ete surprised by the insults of my grand­pere which ecoutait information. My large-father insulted a Mister names "Ismet Pasha". When he said "Fortunately that he is died ", I had answered him:"Large-father, it is a man very well since it has saves the fatherland ". It had answered me: "But of which fatherland est­ce which you do speak?"You are unaware of the martyrdom that this deaf person has us fact food. Customs do not have leaves any survivor has Koqgiri. They have aligns them corpses of our people on the edges of the brooks. The animals are accustom has to eat the meat of the men. We became orphans starve and naked. They Wont nothing leaves. Fai finds a bag black. Fai makes a hole at the bottom and I Fai put on me. I am remainder of the whole months with this "habit" it."My large-father had vecu Ko~giri and Dersim. plupartde its close relations, including his father, had ete kill and the survivors etaient refugies has Dersim. And they were etaient lost.

I learned that has 1' age 12 years. Whereas 1' school has, torturers of my people and

other people of 1' Anatolia etaient us presentes as of the heroes. Wine economic bonds perpetues by the racket have ete demolis. Inhabitants of Koqgiri which one wanted to draw up with the famine are disperse in years 1945 towards the large metropolises of Turkey to find a work there, then towards the various countries to be able y to survive. The departure of Koqgiri is the result of the policy of 1' State which aimed especially has to drive out the Kurds of the area to assimilate this zone. The life in the cities has emmene 1' established fact of 1' assimilation, it be-A-statement the development of a personality passivates colonizes, apeuree, hippocrite, fleeing realities and preferant the compromises because of interests individual. The mepris of the metropolises generated the lack of car-confidence; fear of the famine and unemployment generated the recognition of 1' ideology official like the best ideology, and veiled how 1' objective recognition of the Turks like the best population, by denying year passage all the caracteristiques ones of the other people, has to start with the Kurds, ıs reached each day not does not have. After all, Mustafa Kemal it had not said: "the nations which lose all their identite national becomes the food of other nations."

Mustafa Kemal and its equipe prepare 1' necessary infrastructure had has the loss of the national identite Kurdish. Thus the migrants who, however, by their anatomical profile, their manner of speaking, their attitudes, pointed out 1' identite Kurdish, defendaient Mustafa Kemal with more heat than the kemalists. It did not etait a defense in accordance with a intellectual advance on the basis of perfect knowledge of its ideology one of his personnalit6. They accepted for reality lies of the others, or they wanted to accept them like such. For this reason they posted, in their houses, the portraits of pashas of the contreguerilla (Mustafa Kema1; Ismet Inonu etc...) rather than them portraits of Kurdish personalities sizeable. This vision made us shame. Our people were to have shame of it. But they etaient loins of pensees very such as 1a shame or 1' trouble. Red Skins of America could respect the White which had show them "primitivism" to seize their grounds and their goods? Well on that not, that is impossible. They are in a relation as that which had them Kurds of the years 1920 with the Turks. They are people who carried out one honourable existence under primitive conditions. They made oaths of vengence face has their enemies who did not reconnaisaient the right to them has to exist.

However, on our premises, one taught us that 1e Kurdish, become slave, had to respect its maitre. Our people did not want to look towards the master key, they have prefere to flee what one did to them in the master key, which they underwent. It etait it testimony of the fears secretes which they carried in them. They thought of being able echapper with the forces of 1' order of the Turks by posting these photographs. Translation of 1' Extrait from my book published in 1999 in Sweden

I am nee in 1961 has Koqgiri. One said "We go has Istanbul". Thus I have leave my village in 1969. I imagined Istanbul like a village. It is in the village of Badun Bardakli) which I saw for the premiere time a vehicule motorizes. I had ete emmenee has Istanbul, in a country different. I had ete surprised a long time by the meeting of sensitivities and different cultures in DC country different. It is has 1' age 9 years which I had obtained my "national chart of identite ". One has me emmenee in this place which one called school. Except my brother and me, everyone spoke Turkish. Us etions touts only. My brother and me we held the hands firmly. Us etions like tombs in the vacuum of 1' space. Us etions etonnes. I was nine years old and it etait premiere time that I etais confrontee has a language other than Kurdish. I knew only that I etais Kurdish. I loved much the Kurds. It etait all. In 1980, I have decouvert 1' existence of a country names Kurdistan. It is the continuation of chances which have me reveillee. Fai starts has evoluer in the direction patriotic. In 1981, I knew two months of guard-A-sight, follow-ups of detention in 1' institution nommee prison. First moments of guard-A-sight, the premiere question which has me ete posee, etait: "Es you one Kizilbas (Tete-Red *? Until to date, never I did not etais myself reappropriee of my Kurd statute nor of Tete-Red. I only commenqais has to me reveiller of a long sleep. During the guard-A-sight, my name etait K-3: Kurd, Kizilbas and Communist.

In 1973, in the downtown area of Sivas (Sewaz), I had attend the ceremonies organisees has the occasion of the events of September 4. I did not have interrogations has 1' time. I was unaware of the true reasons of "Congers of Sivas ". December 23, 1973, whereas we return of Koygiri has Sivas, I had ete surprised by the insults of my grand­pere which ecoutait them information. My large-father insulted a Mister names "Ismet Pasha ". When he said "Fortunately that he died", I him had answered:"Large-father, it is a man very well since it has saves fatherland ". It had answered me: "But of which fatherland est­ce that you speak?"You are unaware of the martyrdom that DC deaf made us live. Its do not have leave any survivor has Koqgiri. Its have aligns the corpses of our people on edges of the brooks. The animals are accustom has to eat the meat of men. We became orphans starve and naked. Its Wont nothing leaves. Fai finds a bag black. Fai makes a hole at the bottom and I Fai put on me. I am remain whole months with this "habit" it."My large-father vecu Koqgiri and Dersim had. The plupartde its close relations, including his father, had ete kill and the survivors etaient refugies has Dersim. And its was etaient lost.

I learned that has 1' age 12 years. Then that has 1' school, the torturers of my people

And other people of 1' Anatolia etaient us presentes as of the heroes. Wine economic bonds perpetues by 1e racket have ete demolis. Inhabitants of Koqgiri which one wanted to draw up with the famine are disperse in years 1945 towards the large metropolises of Turkey to find a work there, then towards the various countries to be able y to survive. The departure of Koqgiri is the result of the policy of you State which aimed especially has to drive out the Kurds of the area to assimilate this zone. The life in the cities has emmene 1' established fact of 1' assimilation, it be-A-statement the development of a personality passivates colonizes, apeuree, hippocrite, fleeing realities and preferant the compromises because of interests individual. The mepris of the metropolises generated the lack of car-confidence; fear of the famine and unemployment generated 1a recognition of 1' ideology official cornme the best ideology, and veiled how 1' objective recognition of the Turks like the best population, by denying year passage all the caracteristiques ones of the other people, has to start with the Kurds, ıs  reached each day not does not have. After all, Mustafa Kemal -it had not said: "the nations which lose all their identite national becomes the food of other nations."

Mustafa Kemal and its equipe prepare  the  necessary infrastructure had has the national loss of 1' identity  Kurdish. Thus the migrants who, however, by their anatomical profit, their manner of speaking, their attitudes, pointed out 1' identite Kurdish, defendaient Mustafa Kemal with more heat than the kemalists. DC did not etait a defense making continuation has a intellectual advance on the basis of the perfect knowledge of sound ideology or of its personality. They accepted for reality the lies of others, one its wanted to accept them like such. Veiled why its posted, in their houses, them portraits of the pashas of the contreguerilla (Mustafa Kemal; Ismet Inonu etc...) rather than the portraits of Kurdish personalities sizeable. This vision us made shame. Our people were to have shame of it. But its etaient very loins of pensees such as shame one 1' trouble. Red Skins from America could respect the White which had show them "primitivism" to seize their grounds and their goods? Well on that not, that is impossible. Its are in a relation as that which had them Kurds of the years 1920 with the Turks. DC are people who carried out one honourable existence under primitive conditions. Its made oaths of vengence face has their enemies who did not reconnaisaient the right to them has to exist.

However, on our premises, one has us learned that the Kurd, become slave, was to respect his maitre. Our Wont people not desired to look towards the master key, its has prefere to flee what one did to them in the master key, which they underwent. It etait the testimony of the fears secretes that they carried in them. Its thought of being able echapper of the forces of 1' order Turks by posting these photographs. Whereas the forces of 1' order of the Turks knew perfectly that they did not etaient reliable individuals! Our families have prefere not to explain has their children what had ete made to them in the master key, which they had vecu. According to this pensee, they protegeaient their children. Children did not owe rneler has these things; they owed etudier and to save their parents of poverty, they had to jump of class. They Wont which been able proteger neither them identite national Kurd, nor their identite religious of Alevi. As a nation and a conviction chocolate éclair, they etaient oppress, they were afraid. One said to us: " Especially, my child, do not say has nobody has 1' school that you are Kurdish, which you are Alevi."

Why we did not have statement? Why our families directed us towards the lie and negation? Did our race and our religion etaient bad? Why did they eprouvaient the need to hide them? Which? Which was afraid? What did the Alevi religion etait? Which the conditions etaient? Why 1' did not learn-iß to us? Why they showed us the other convictions chocolate éclairs like bad?

The study of National movement of Release menee has Koçgiri etait an action that the  had myself to achieve face has my people, it etait a duty. I have begin this study with the feeling of responsibility that I eprouvais face has my people. During research, I knew difficult moments, on the moral level, while ecoutant atrocites made against my people. I had moments of strong tension who could of.the RER over several days, to see same one week. I have start while auditioning of the temoins which had vecu the massacre. During this work, I knew my greater astonishment while discussing with the children and petits­enfants leaders of 1' time. They did not know anything about the master key, they etaient completely desinteresses. I have them installation of the questions on the master key, while giving information on their families, them, etonnes, disturb and have question.After the defaite of the movement, clicks it of the special war has intensify psychological propaganda.

EVİN ÇİÇEK

 

 

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